2 
  -2022
..  
 
( )
:      :100
:    -    ,      ,  
            20  
-
1.   , ,      
2.         
-
3.   -      
4. 
      ?      
,      
-
5.               '
 
2 
6.         
-
7.      -      
8.              
  -2022
..  
 
( )
:      :100
:    -    ,      ,  
            20  
-
1.   , ,      
:1    :
       
2 
     ,         
  
    ,         
     , , ,    
     
󹻂  (   )  ,
"           "
,            
 ,  
  (   , , ,    )     
   '      
2.   :
                 , 
            '  :
()  :
                -
        - , ,    - 
     
()  :
  , ,    '   ,    
               

,     ?
  ,        -    (  
 )   ,   ,       
 (     )
     ?
1.    ':      ,    
   (      )
2.    :      , ,    
   
3. ,            , 
          
2 
3.   :
       -        
          :
()  :
   , POSDCORB   :

 




 
                  
()    :
1.    -         
     
2.    - ,      
3.  -  ,  , ,   ,  , 
4.   - ,      (  , ,
)
5.  - , ,    
6.  -   ,    
7.   -  ,   ,   
8.   -  ,  ,   
,              ,     
   -      
4.   :
              
 :
(i)   :
      
        
     ,          
     ,       
 
2 
(ii)    :
      ,           
     
(iii)  :
 ,  ,          

   ,    '  
(iv)    :
- , ,  ,        
   
    ,    
 
      
(v)  -:
          ,     , 
             
  
  
(vi)  :
,    ,          
 , 
         
(vii)  :
      ,        ,  
      
:
  ,               
  ,         -       
        
      ,   ,   ,   
   -                
     
,        ,    

,        
,         
       , ,          
    
2 
2.         
: 󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹-:     
                 
    ,     ,        
 -            ,     
       ,      ,      
     ,               
       
         ,       
            ,  
       ' 
󷆰  ?
  
  ,          
  ,            , ,
,            , ,
 ,   -       
󷨕󷨓󷨔   ?
             
 
         ,  ,    
                   
   :
    
   ' 
     
    
,       
     
󷩃󷩄󷩅󷩆󷩇󷩈   ?
     ,           
     ,         
   
2 
    :
1.         
2.     ' 
3.      
    
4. , ,    
5.    ;      
󹸯󹸭󹸮        |
               -    
       
1. /
:             
   ,       
  , 
        
 :          ,
                
: =    = 
2. 
:        ,   
      
 :  , ,       
    
:  =      =    
3.   
:     
          
  ,      
 :,     ,    
   
           
: =      =    
4. 
2 
:,          
 
 :          ,  
    
: =     = /  
5.   
:        ,     
    :        
 
       
 :           

 ,           
: =   = 
6.  
:,         , 
        
 :          ,
   
: =   '    =  
7.   
:     ,         
          
 :,         
     
     
: =    = 
8.     
:  ,   ,   
 (  UPSC, SSC) 
         
 
2 
 : -  ,       
   
:  =     =     
9. 


 
 
  
 , 

 ,  
, 

 
 

   
  ,  
󷉃󷉄-:  
,  
  - ,         '  
         
          
   (  COVID-19)  ,      -   
               
,   
       
󼨐󼨑󼨒:  ,   - 
  ,        ,        
 ,                
   '   ,   '       -,
      ,       ,   

 
                 -
  ( )        
 
2 
  
      ,  ,     ,  
          ,    
       
-
3.   -      
:1.     
:    , -   -  
 -    ,       -   , 
       
:       '    
           -  ,   
       ,    ,   
         ,     
          
:     
 ,  
 ,   
 
2.     
: "  ,  " -          
  
:         -  
  -                
   ,           ,   
  
:      ,  
 ,   
   
 
3.     
:             
 
:        ,    -
,  ,   -       
2 
,                
 
 
:         ,   -
     -   
     
     
 
4.    
:        ,        
:             
          ,     
  ,      ,      ,
    
: ,        
 
  -  :   ,    
   '             
   
5.     
: (   )    (   ) 
 
:    ,   ,     
          
    
 
:         
,     
            
,    
  
 
6.   
:          ,     
   
:         ,   
   -         

         , -   ,   
   
   : ,  ,   
2 
7.         
:         
:             
    ,          ,  
         
     
,        
:          
    
8.   
:          
 
:         
       
 -    , ,
   ,        
:    ,  
 ,  

 
9.     
:        '       
       
:        ,    
                
    
:         ()   
   ,     ()     
10.   
:         '   
:     (, , )   (   
 )  '     -       

    
 
:    ,      '
2 
11.   
:         
:    
       
 ,              
   

?  
 ,    ,    
   
12.     
:   -   
 
:  ,       
              ,  
       
:          
 
13.   
:           
:           
 ,        ,    
              
: , ,  
14.    ( )  
:   
:"  "  '         
 ,          
:             ,  
    
:     
  
             ,     
    
   ,        
    
2 
 , , ,     
 ,   
   
               

 ,    ,    ,       
        ,       
4. 
      ?      
,      
:  ?
              
  
    
   - , ,    
           

  ,            
              ,   ,
        
  
1.   :          
             
   
2.  :     
       '
    
3.  :        -   ,   -
,    
4.      :      
     

5.  :              
     

6.   :  
         
- '   
7.    :       
 ,  
 '          
2 
  
        :
   :
      - ,      
   
     , ,  
         
   :
  -    (    
 )   
  (Horizontal Coordination)   '    ( 
   )   
     
1.    :  ,      
 

2.     :        
    
3.  
 :      
 
4.    :         
5.  
 :       ,    
     
6.   :         
 
 
7.    :      
        
  ?
    ,      
 
              
   
2 
             
  ,     ,          
     
  
1.    :       
       -        
2.     :      
  
      
3.  :       
    
4.    :    
    
      
5.  :    '         
6.  :   '         
   
  
 :
            
      
 :
      
      
     
- :
  - 
   '       
            
     
1.   :    ,  
     
2 
2.  :          
,    
 
3.     :      
 
4.    
 :    
   
    
5.    :       
 -     
6.         :   
             
7.      
 :    
  
               
    
           ,   
  
           :
    
         
   
           

,    - (  ) '   ,  -
( -) '   
 ,   :
   
     -       
 
   
    , ,      
    

 ,              
     -    ,     
           
                    
          ,   ,  
                , 
2 
       ,    ,        
  
-
5.              
:    (IRC)  ?
    (IRC)           
          ,      '
  , -,    -      
 ""    
:
    '       

        '    
 
       ,     
   
  ?
IRC  ,           , 
  :
    
  
             
   ,           :
   
   
          
,  , ,  ,         

2 
     
  
    '          ,  
    

          
         

 
    ,  , ,      

-, -,  - 
  ()   ,      (),  
  ()   
 
 IRCs    ,  -   
         
   IRCs  
:
     (TRAI) -        
      (SEBI) -     
   (RBI) -       
   (NGT) -     
  :
   (FCC) -     
     (SEC) -     
    (EPA) -     
 :
 -      
   (FCA) -     
IRCs    
2 
   
   :
        
        
          TRAI  IRC  :
    
,   ,      -  
   
  '            

     
        
   
             
   
           
  
         
     IRCs  
  
      
      
 


          '   
  
            
 
  
            
      
 IRC  ,    
     :
  

   ,       ?  ,  
  -   
  
2 
  IRC   ,   IRC (  TRAI    )
   
    
   ,          ' 
,
     '   
  
     
            
   
     
 IRCs            
   
 
 ,     -  
  
  ""   ( ,        
   )
IRCs  :    
  
                
  
 ,   ,     
 
           
 
     , -      
  
  
             

   ,    ,     
        
       
-   , ,     - -       
           
    
2 
, IRCs      ,      
  ,     -        
 IRC    
 -     
    , 
,          
 ,       
 -     ,   

         
6.         
:-
  
             
'  ,            ' ,  
        -         
  -     ,       ,     

  -     
          -        - 
           -   ,    -
  
 
               ,   
 ,    ,          
 
   
                 
              , 
             
    :
1.   :         
  '  
 
2.  :            
3.   :         -   , 
,     
4.  :     '     ,  
     
2 
   :
1.    (      
 )
2.    (         )
3.   (     )
4.   ( , ,  
 )
           
   
  ,             '   
   , , , ,       
     
    :
 :           

  :       ,   ,  
    
:   
            
  
   
:    '      

   :
  (        ) -   
    '   
   -          

  -            
  -  , ,      '  
 
,        '  ,      , 
 (  )        
     
            :
2 
 

 
 
 
    
,   

      
     

 ,  
   
, ,  


     
 
     
  
 

    
  '     
 


      
   
  
 ;  
      

 ,  ,  ,  
 ,  ,  ,
 
  

               , 
             ,  
    ,       
,              
    ,          
   ,           
 
    '  
       ""     
"  " 
      
     ,             


      ,        
        
2 
  ,             
 - 
 
    

,     ,              -   
             
     
          -   ,      
  :
1.   :          
            
2.   :           
3.  :    
 ;    
 
    ,        
  
 

 ,    -   -       , 
  ,              -   
 '  
    
        

         ,       
;       ;        ,   
 
       ,    -    
   ,  ,          
  - 
   
          
   
-
7.      -      
:  ? ()
2 
            
            
  ,  ,       
  ,           
 ,    , 
        
   :
1.  -     
,       
2.  -         
3.  -      
4.  -        
5.   -     
    
         |
               
     :
      ,
  ,
     ,
       
 ,             
, 
               
  :     
  ,            
   
              
       ,        
  
󼨐󼨑󼨒1.    - "   "
                
 ,         '    
      ,         
2 
   :
                

      :





 
:
    
       


         
󷃆󹸃󹸄2.     - "  ,  
"
          
   ,   
  ,           
   :
                   '
      ,     
             :
- :   '   
- :      '   
:
     (-)         (-)
 ,      
:
  
            
󷃆󹸊󹸋3.     - "    "
                 
 - ,    ,         
?

 -   -      
2 
   :
       
      '  

:
           
             ,   

  :
   -         
 -  -        '  
 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨4.    - "    "
 .               
 -
           ,    
  
   :
 :
1.         
2.     
3.     
4.        
 :



   '   
󼿝󼿞󼿟 5.    - "   "
       : "
   ,      "
  -  -     
2 
   :
-    ,    '     '
 :
 

- 
      :
     
         
󷸌󷸍6.     - "     "
          '    
   :
1.    '    :
2.   -          
3.  -      
4.  -        
5.  -       
:
    ( )   ,       
( )   
󹰎󹰏󹰐󹰑 7.    - "    "
              
 :
  :
 
  
   
   '    
 :
  -           
 
2 
:
              , , , 
 ,              

      ,       
        -        
  -              
              ,    ,
         
"         ,    ,    
 " -  .
 
8.              
:I.      
1.     
                
  
   ,            
 
          ,    , 
    
  (      )   (,  , 
, )          
II.    
1.    
         (     )   

                  
          
    '  ,  , ,    
   
      
 
2.    
          '  :
2 
a.  
 ,        ,          
            ,     

:                 

  ,             

.   -
    '    ,     
            
 
c.  
              ' 
        
,       
 
:   
    ,       
'    
d.  
  -               

          
 
e.  
     :
 
 ( ) -      
  -               
    -        
                  
 
f.  
   ,             
      ,              , 
     
2 
III.    
1.    
 -   ,          -    
       (  , , )     
        
  ,     ,      - 
'  
2.    
        -     
a.  
   ,               
     ,          
:      '          
           
.   
     ,     ,     
  
           
:       '    
    
c.  
     -       ,  
      -   ,      
d.     
         , ,    
            
       
:       ,   
      
 
e.   
2 
 ,  ,           
            
IV.      
  ,  , -        
   :
    
   
   
  
   -  
V.    
     ,        :
1.   
               

 
2.     
      ;  '         
   
3.  
 ,             ,    
   
4.  
 ,              
  
VI.    
  '      
     
    
   
 
2 
  -  '  

     ,       ,      '  
 ,             
           -   , 
    
     (),  ( ),     
 ( )  ,             
  ,         -   ,  ,   
     
,          
;   
  
"               

       ,         "